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Music / Musik » alt.fan.frank-zappa » Would you believe there are 64,000 Internet stalkers including William "Bill" Cmelak and K
| Would you believe there are 64,000 Internet stalkers including William "Bill" Cmelak and K [message #254249] |
Di, 25 April 2006 00:23 |
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Statistical Overview
Particularly relevent considering the Hoodoo Troll (Bill Cmelak of
Pearson, Wisconsin and Karen Anderson of Bremerton, Washington) are
still at large.
~~~
(Emphasis denoted by "**", including the acts committed by Cmelak
and/or Anderson).
Data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, a nationally
representative telephone survey of 8,000 men and 8,000 women ages
eighteen and older, indicate that 2.2% of males and 8.1% of females
report being stalked during their lifetime. The survey defines stalking
as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves
repeated (two or more occasions) visual or physical proximity;
nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a
combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear (BJS
1999).
Four out of five stalking victims are women. By comparison, 94% of the
stalkers identified by female victims and 60% of the stalkers
identified by male victims were male (Violence Against Women Grants
Office July 1998, 10).
With respect to stranger and acquaintance stalking, 1.8% of all U.S.
women, compared with 0.8% of all U.S. men, have been stalked by
strangers; and 1.6% of all U.S. women, compared with 0.8% of all U.S.
men have been stalked by acquaintances (Ibid., 12).
** Cmelak stalks total strangers.
Based on comparisons between estimated numbers of stalkers per total
U.S. population, and numbers of cyberstalkers per online population, it
is estimated that there are 63,000 Internet stalkers cruising the
information superhighway, stalking an estimated 474,000 targets
(Cyberangels 2000).
The Los Angeles District Attorney's Office estimates that e-mail and
other electronic communications were factors in approximately 20
percent of the roughly 600 cases handled by its Stalking Threat
Assessment Unit (Reno 1999).
Introduction
Though the term "stalking" is somewhat new to the modern lexicon, the
behavior itself is not new to human experience. The conduct generally
associated with stalking--following, **spying** (Cmelak and Anderson),
**unwanted calling/writing** (Cmelak and Anderson), accosting,
**harassing** (Cmelak and Anderson), and **threatening** (Cmelak and
Anderson) --is as old as the history of human relationships. Yet, it
has only been within the last decade that we have recognized such
behavior as **socially deviant** (Cmelak was described as being a "SICK
FUCK" by a police detective) --even criminal. Criminal justice and
victim service professionals have always had to face such behavior but
they only began to think about and address it as a separate issue when
the conduct was distinguished as a unique phenomenon, deserving its own
name-stalking.
This process of distinguishing stalking from other deviant social or
criminal behavior reached a defining moment in 1990 when the state of
California passed the first statute that made stalking a crime. This
was a watershed event that triggered similar statutes in other states
and at the federal level. The enactment of the California statute
resulted in a growing awareness of stalking among criminal justice
officials, victim service professionals, and the general public--all of
whom began to view the problem in a more serious light.
Following the enactment of the California law and other anti-stalking
statutes, criminologists and forensic psychologists began to study the
nature of stalking behavior and the motivation of stalkers. Law
enforcement, previously lacking the power and authority to take any
action in such cases, began to develop specialized response strategies
for stalking cases. Some jurisdictions even created special units to
take on a more pro-active role in stalking cases. Prosecutors embarked
on an effort to educate themselves and one another about how stalkers
could be charged under stalking statutes (as well as other criminal
laws) and how to best prosecute such cases. Victim service providers
began to reexamine the way in which they responded to stalking,
expanding their services and enhancing case management strategies in an
effort to better serve the needs of victims. Even victims of stalking
have come to identifythemselves as a distinct and unique constituency
by forming support groups to help one another cope with the aftermath
of the crimes committed against them.
The rapidly growing interest in stalking is spawning a new area of
"specialization" among professionals whose roles regularly involve them
in such cases. Yet, even the most experienced among such professionals
would readily admit that they are just beginning to understand the
complex problems that stalking poses for both victims and
society-at-large. Most of these professionals agree that solutions to
the problem of stalking are not likely to be found without a
considerable amount of additional research.
Definition of Stalking
Traditionally, the general perceptions of stalking involve some dark
and malicious character following and even spying on an unsuspecting
person. However, this stereotypical view is far too narrow to encompass
all the behaviors generally attributed to stalkers today. Stalkers may
indeed follow their targets physically but they are just as likely to
use a variety of other means to monitor the activities of their
targets. Stalkers have been known to use binoculars, telescopes, **
cameras equipped with "long lenses," (as Anderson has done), video
cameras, hidden microphones, the Internet (both Anderson and Cmelak),
public records, (both Anderson and Cmelak), and accomplices (both
witting and unwitting) to keep track of the whereabouts and activities
of those they target.
Stalking is less about surveillance of victims than it is about contact
with them. If stalkers only wished to view the objects of their
obsession from afar, they would not pose a serious safety risk.
Stalkers, by their very nature, want more. They want contact. ** They
(stalkers) want a relationship with their victims. They want to be part
of their victims' lives. And, if they cannot be a positive part of
their victims' lives, they will settle for a negative connection to
their victims. ** (both Anderson and Cmelak, who both show signs of
insane jealous directed towards their victims). It is this mind set
that not only makes them "stalkers," but also makes them dangerous.
Thus, virtually all stalking cases involve behavior that seeks to make
either direct or indirect contact with the victim. A 1998 National
Institute of Justice (NIJ) survey of stalking victims provided the
first glimpse into the kinds of tactics stalkers most often employ in
the commission of their crimes (Tjaden and Theonnes 1998). What follows
is a breakdown by percentage of some of the tactics that victims
report:
Followed, spied on, stood outside home or place of work (82%).
(Anderson)
Made unwanted phone calls (61%).
Sent unwanted letters or left unwanted items (30%). (Anderson)
Vandalized property (30%).
Killed or threatened to kill a pet or relative (9%). (Cmelak)
While most of these behaviors alone may not in and of themselves
explicitly communicate a threat, the number, nature, and context in
which they occur may well communicate an implied threat. It is this
element of threat to the safety of another that makes the conduct a
crime and most legal definitions of stalking specifically address the
presence of an element of threat.
How prevalent is stalking? Until very recently, no empirical evidence
was available to answer this question. The most commonly quoted
estimate had been that approximately 200,000 individuals are stalked
each year in the U.S. However, the 1998 NIJ study first attempted to
quantify the number of stalking cases. Based on a survey of more than
16,000 adults, the study estimated that 1.4 million Americans
(approximately 1,000,000 women and 400,000 men) are currently being
stalked in the U.S.--a number seven times greater than the previous
estimate of 200,000 (Tjaden and Theonnes 1998).
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